Citing sources: APA (American Psychological Association)

APA Citations

Citing Website Documents and Pages

• Webpages and website documents are treated as stand-alone documents, which means that webpage titles are in italics and website names appear in normal typeface (this is the opposite from citing journal, magazine, or newspaper articles).

Example:

Citing an Entire Website

After referring to an entire Website in your paper, provide its homepage URL in parentheses, as an active link, immediately after. You may then omit the Website from your list of References.

Example from an COL 101 student's Student Success Plan paper:

In addition to consulting with TCC Research Librarians and the Writing and Tutoring Center, my student success plan will include bookmarking and using the Purdue OWL (linked below) which is a valuable resource for writing and research help and for citation support.

• If you are referring to a single page from a website, or a document you retrieved from a website, see the tab for citing a webpage or web document.

APA Citations

Retrieval Links in References Page Citations

• For anyone who remembers APA 6, that edition directed us to type “Retrieved from” just before the webpage URL.
• For APA 7 we eliminate the “Retrieved from” and get right on with the webpage URL (activated as a hyperlink):

Example of a webpage citation:

Retrieval Dates

• When do we include a retrieval date? Hardly ever.
• When contents of a webpage are designed to change over time and are not archived, include a retrieval data in the References page citation.

Example:

APA Citations

DOIs and URLs

There are a lot of rules (sorry):

General summary for electronic (non-print) sources and the inclusion of retrieval information in References citations:

DOIs and URLs

• If there is a DOI, use the DOI (DOIs are only used for scholarly journal articles and scholarly books).
• If there is no DOI (either you can't find one, or the source is not a scholarly journal or book), do nothing. Do not substitute with a Library database URL*, for example.
  • *However, as a student, your instructor might prefer it if you include a library database URL so sources can be accessed more quickly when grading 100 papers! Always ask your instructor if they have any unique course-specific citation rules they would like you to follow.
• If there is no DOI, and the source is available in full text, free of charge on the open web (not a library database), you can replace the DOI with the document's URL (web address).

Example of a References page citation for a scholarly journal that has a listed DOI:

APA Citations

Citing Books and Ebooks

• References page citations for books used to include the publisher's location (a city, and perhaps state as well). APA no longer requires the publisher's location. This applies to both print books and e-books.

Example:

• As with periodicals, if an e-book is accessed through a subscription database, such as EBook Central, do not include a retrieval URL:

Example:

• And also with periodicals, if an ebook is available freely online to anyone, include a retrieval URL: 

Example:

• eReader edition of a book? (Kindle for example)

APA 7 no longer requires a format note [Kindle]; cite as you would any other book

APA Citations

Paper Formatting: The "Running Head"

Quick and easy for students: Student papers do not need "running heads" - a bit of the paper's title in the header along with the page number Student papers just need page numbers. Read on for more information about running heads, if you like.

• A “running head” is a shortened version of  a paper’s title, appearing on each page in the left-side header space of a paper.
• Professional papers need running heads, which will appear in the header space on the left corner of the paper, as a SHORTENED PAPER TITLE in all caps.

APA Citations

Singular "They"

The APA is ignoring traditional grammar conventions in favor of reducing bias and gender-binary assumption. APA 7 endorses the use of they/them when the gender of a person is unknown or, as is most common, irrelevant.

• Writers should use the singular “they” in two main cases: (a) when referring to a generic person whose sex or gender is unknown or irrelevant to the context and (b) when referring to a specific, known person who uses “they/them” as their pronouns.
• When referring to a generic person whose sex or gender is unknown or irrelevant to the context, use the singular “they” as the pronoun. For example, if you use nouns like “person,” “individual,” or “everyone” or phrases like “every teacher” or “each nurse” in a sentence, use the appropriate form of the pronoun “they”, rather than using she/he when referring to them later, as needed.

APA Citations

Bias-Free Language

"The guidelines for bias-free language contain both general guidelines for writing about people without bias across a range of topics and specific guidelines that address the individual characteristics of age, disability, gender, participation in research, racial and ethnic identity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and intersectionality" (APA.org). Example: Acknowledge humanity: Instead of "the homeless" put the person first "people who are living unhoused." See the link below for more information, guidelines, and suggestions..

Accessibility

While accessibility considerations are not unique to APA 7, there are more specific APA guidelines that adhere to WCAG 

For example, URLs should be formatted as descriptive text, as you see modeled below. instead of labeling the link and then providing a URL separately,

APA Citations

Citing ChatGPT and Generative AI

As of April 2023 this is APA's recommendation for citing outputs from Open AI's ChatGPT, or any large language model generative AI. Please ask your instructors for their guidelines about the use of generative AI in your course work.

References page citation example:

Parenthetical citation: 

(OpenAI, 2023)